Holistic Health Pillars

What is Holistic Health? Holistic health practitioners work with clients to achieve specific health goals. This may include improving athletic performance, disease prevention, and the treatment of symptoms. Holistic nutritionists may help implement anti-inflammatory diets. Holistic health practitioners work with both medical professionals and the public to implement a personalized plan of action. Holistic health…

What is Holistic Health? Holistic health practitioners work with clients to achieve specific health goals. This may include improving athletic performance, disease prevention, and the treatment of symptoms. Holistic nutritionists may help implement anti-inflammatory diets. Holistic health practitioners work with both medical professionals and the public to implement a personalized plan of action. Holistic health practitioners are available in many locations, and many practices are affiliated with local hospitals and clinics.

Eight pillars that support holistic health

A balanced diet is a key component of the physical wellness pillar. In addition to eating more fruits and vegetables, you should also be eating a variety of whole grains. Avoid foods with high amounts of sodium, cholesterol, or added sugar. Likewise, you should avoid fried foods. These foods can contribute to high cholesterol levels, which can have negative effects on your overall health. A healthy diet can improve many of the other pillars.

The physical and emotional aspects of health go hand in hand. Holistic health acknowledges the role of mental, spiritual, and social aspects of health. As a result, it takes the whole person into account, focusing on the connections between the body, mind, and environment. Emotional wellness is an important component of holistic health, and it can be cultivated through the eight pillars of holistic health. Listed below are the eight pillars of holistic health.

Physical health: Exercise, diet, sleep habits, hygiene, and personal hygiene are important aspects of physical health. Physical health requires adequate exercise, good rest, and a clean environment. Physical health is just the tip of the iceberg, though. It also requires that you understand your body’s chemistry and how to balance it. Nutrition is an essential part of physical health, and it gets its own pillar. Taking care of your body’s chemistry is important when making dietary and lifestyle decisions.

Cost control

There are two methods of cost control in holistic health care. One is to measure the cost of an entire system and implement changes in management based on results. Cost control in holistic health care is often difficult to achieve because costs vary according to the type of treatment provided. The other method is to identify the cost of an individual patient, and to measure the proportion of that patient who will need further care. Although holistic health care is more expensive than usual medical care, it is cost effective and can reduce mortality.

The first strategy is a health share plan, which requires the members to pay a portion of the cost of their care. These plans are more expensive than traditional medical care, but are often more effective because they treat the whole person and encourage preventative care. This approach also keeps costs low and satisfaction high, leaving more money for major medical events. The most common holistic health care costs are due to chronic illnesses and other conditions. The costs of a health share plan are shared by all members.

Another strategy for cost control in holistic health care is to use health policy commissions. The Maryland commission, for example, has been focusing on the total cost of care and hospital budgets. It has a history, and stakeholders have a vested interest in working with it. In Maryland, a Medicare waiver encourages health care providers to offer services to all payers, such as Medicare and Medicaid. These charges are then offset by increases in commercial rates.

Prevention of disease

The American Holistic Health Association advocates for the prevention of chronic disease. The emphasis on holistic health entails treating the entire person, incorporating the mind, body, and spirit into a health-promoting lifestyle. The most difficult aspects of incorporating holistic practices into the client’s life are often changes to food, which can be hard for clients to accept. However, the benefits of holistic health far outweigh the negative effects.

One of the most significant benefits of preventive medicine is lower healthcare costs. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that the practice of prevention can reduce costs by more than $1 trillion annually. In fact, 90 percent of healthcare expenditures are related to chronic conditions. Preventive care focuses on the prevention of chronic disease by emphasizing long-term health, healthy pregnancy, and aging. Health screenings are an important component of this holistic approach.

The benefits of holistic medicine are numerous. First, holistic doctors focus on the whole person, rather than simply treating the symptoms of an illness. Holistic physicians believe that the mind-body connection is the key to healing. As such, holistic doctors help patients develop an understanding of their entire health profile. By integrating complementary therapies and Western medicine, holistic physicians can treat the whole person and prevent or improve disease symptoms. In addition to reducing disease risk, holistic health also emphasizes a strong doctor-patient relationship.

Medicinal plants

Medicinal plants can be used to treat various illnesses and diseases. Using them can be a natural way to improve your overall health and well-being. Here are some tips for maximizing their benefits. Read on to learn how to use medicinal plants in your daily life. We are going to go over a few examples of the most popular ones and how they can improve your health. Listed below are some of their most important benefits.

Traditional medicines have their place, but plants play a vital role in drug development. Modern scientific techniques have helped verify the ancient knowledge of the healer. These traditional remedies incorporate many aspects of the body, including their chemical composition and their psychological effects. As a result, the study of traditional medicine is helping to discover future drug leads. Medicinal plants are used in many countries and have played a vital role in traditional healthcare systems for thousands of years. Today, about 50% of all drugs that are used in clinical practice are made from natural products.

Besides examining their properties, medicinal plants can also be used for cancer treatment. The research study documented the different plant species used in cancer management among Tswana speakers. The study also provided baseline data for further studies. Future studies will focus on the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of these plants. The findings of this study have opened the door to further investigation into the effects of these plants on the human body. It also highlights the growing popularity of natural products.

Dietary supplements

The goal of dietary supplements for holistic health is to help people improve their health and well-being by addressing the root causes of the disease. Researchers and practitioners of holistic nutrition know that the body’s chemical processes are continuously occurring. They are affected by synthetic chemicals, which disrupt these processes. They also know that abnormal substances can interfere with decision-making and brain functions. Consequently, these substances may cause long-term damage. Instead of taking synthetic chemicals, holistic nutritionists recommend natural foods and herbal supplements.

A good source for dietary supplements is the Office of Dietary Supplements. This organization helps consumers find information on dietary supplements and answers questions about their efficacy. You can also contact the manufacturers to find out more about the supplement’s ingredients and efficacy. In addition, you can visit the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) or Office of Dietary Supplements, which have websites designed to help consumers make informed choices.

Some people have tried using dietary supplements for holistic health. However, their use is not recommended for everyone. These supplements are not meant to diagnose or treat diseases and are not as safe as medicines. However, they are effective in enhancing the current routine of a person. They are not a replacement for good eating habits. A healthy diet and exercise are important factors for holistic health. And you should not neglect your diet and your health if you want to see significant results from dietary supplements.

Alternative medicine

Holistic health is all about using the correct methods to achieve optimal health. Alternative medicine attempts to achieve the same effects as medicine, but is not scientifically proven. It has no biological plausibility and has been proven ineffective. Nonetheless, many people swear by it and use it for a wide variety of conditions. Below are some common examples of complementary and alternative medicine. Read on to learn more about the benefits and limitations of alternative medicine.

A holistic philosophy views the mind, body, and spirit as one. A dysfunction in one area affects the whole person. Complementary medicine is guided by this philosophy. Many Australians seek out alternative medicine after feeling dissatisfied with conventional medical care. They don’t believe in the harsh side effects of conventional drugs. It may be more gentle and safer. In addition, it involves a collaborative approach with both the patient and provider.

The holistic health care provider may prescribe medicines and surgical procedures to treat acute or chronic pain, or recommend exercise to boost the production of endorphins. Regardless of the condition, a holistic health care provider may also ask about your diet and lifestyle, identifying foods that contribute to inflammation and stress. If you suffer from pain, your holistic health care provider may recommend acupuncture or massage therapy, or even mindful meditation to relieve tension and stress.

Zantac 360 (famotidine) for GERD: Side Effects & Dosage


Generic drug: famotidine

Brand name: Zantac 360

What is Zantac 360 (famotidine), and how does it work?

Zantac 360 (famotidine tablet, film coated) is an acid reducer used to relieve heartburn associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach and to prevent heartburn associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach brought on by eating or drinking certain food and beverages.

Zantac 360 is available over-the-counter (OTC) without a prescription.

The former version of Zantac (ranitidine) has been recalled.

What are the side effects of Zantac 360?

There are no listed side effects of Zantac 360. Tell your doctor if you experience any side effects while using Zantac 360.

What is the dosage for Zantac 360?

Directions

Adults and children 12 years and over:

  • to relieve symptoms, swallow 1 tablet with a glass of water. Do not chew.
  • to prevent symptoms, swallow 1 tablet with a glass of water at any time from 15 to 60 minutes before eating food or drinking beverages that cause heartburn
  • do not use more than 2 tablets in 24 hours
  • children under 12 years: ask a doctor

What drugs interact with Zantac 360?

No information provided.

Is Zantac 360 safe to use while pregnant or breastfeeding?

13 Symptoms and Signs of Kidney Failure, Treatment, Causes & Stages

A woman feeling weak and short of breath.
A woman feeling weak and short of breath.Source: iStock

Kidney failure definition and facts

  • Kidneys are the organs that filter waste products from the blood. They are also involved in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production in the body.
  • Symptoms of kidney failure are due to the build-up of waste products and excess fluid in the body that may cause weakness, shortness of breath, lethargy, swelling, and confusion. Inability to remove potassium from the bloodstream may lead to abnormal heart rhythms and sudden death. Initially kidney failure may cause no symptoms.
  • There are numerous causes of kidney failure, and treatment of the underlying disease may be the first step in correcting the kidney abnormality.
  • Some causes of kidney failure are treatable and the kidney function may return to normal. Unfortunately, kidney failure may be progressive in other situations and may be irreversible.
  • The diagnosis of kidney failure usually is made by blood tests measuring BUN, creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
  • Treatment of the underlying cause of kidney failure may return kidney function to normal. Lifelong efforts to control blood pressure and diabetes may be the best way to prevent chronic kidney disease and its progression to kidney failure. As we age, kidney function gradually decreases over time.
  • If the kidneys fail completely, the only treatment options available may be dialysis or transplant.

What Is Kidney Disease? What Are the Symptoms?

Kidney disease refers to conditions and problems with the kidneys and their
function. Signs and symptoms of kidney disease may vary depending upon the type;
however, common non-specific symptoms of chronic kidney disease include:

  • Loss of appetite
  • Puffiness around the eyes
  • Fatigue
  • Dry, itcy
  • Problems sleeping

Click for more answers about kidney disease »

A 3D illustration highlighting the kidneys and their location.
A 3D illustration highlighting the kidneys and their location.Source: Veer

What are the kidneys? Where are they located?

The kidneys play key roles in body function, not only by filtering the blood and getting rid of waste products, but also by balancing the electrolyte levels in the body, controlling blood pressure, and stimulating the production of red blood cells.

The kidneys are located in the abdomen toward the back, normally one on each side of the spine. They get their blood supply through the renal arteries directly from the aorta and send blood back to the heart via the renal veins to the vena cava. (The term "renal" is derived from the Latin name for kidney.)

What do the kidneys do?

When blood flows to the kidney, sensors within specialized kidney cells regulate how much water to excrete as urine, along with what concentration of electrolytes. For example, if a person is dehydrated from exercise or from an illness, the kidneys will hold onto as much water as possible and the urine becomes very concentrated. When adequate water is present in the body, the urine is much more dilute, and the urine becomes clear. This system is controlled by renin, a hormone produced in the kidney that is part of the fluid and blood pressure regulation systems of the body.

Kidneys are also the source of erythropoietin in the body, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. Special cells in the kidney monitor the oxygen concentration in blood. If oxygen levels fall, erythropoietin levels rise and the body starts to manufacture more red blood cells.

Urine that is made by each kidney flows through the ureter, a tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. Urine is stored within the bladder, and when urination occurs, the bladder empties urine through a tube called the urethra.

A doctor explaining kidney function and failure with a patient.
13 symptoms of kidney failure may develop into life-threatening circumstances.Source: iStock

What are the signs and symptoms of kidney failure?

Initially, kidney failure may be not produced any symptoms (asymptomatic). As kidney function decreases, the symptoms are related to the inability to regulate water and electrolyte balances, clear waste products from the body, and promote red blood cell production.

If unrecognized or untreated, the following symptoms of kidney failure may develop into life-threatening circumstances.

  1. Lethargy
  2. Weakness
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Generalized swelling (edema)
  5. Generalized weakness due to anemia
  6. Loss of appetite
  7. Lethargy
  8. Fatigue
  9. Congestive heart failure
  10. Metabolic acidosis
  11. High blood potassium (hyperkalemia)
  12. Fatal heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias) including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation
  13. Rising urea levels in the blood (uremia) may lead to brain encephalopathy, pericarditis (inflammation of the heart lining), or low calcium blood levels (hypocalcemia)

Battery with 10% usage left signifying that it's possible to lose as much as 90% of kidney function without experiencing any symptoms or problems.
The list of causes of kidney failure is often categorized based on where the injury has occurred.Source: Bigstock

What causes kidney failure?

Kidney failure may occur from an acute situation that injures the kidneys or from chronic diseases that gradually cause the kidneys to stop functioning.

In acute renal failure, kidney function is lost rapidly and can occur from a variety of insults to the body. Since most people have two kidneys, both kidneys must be damaged for complete kidney failure to occur. Fortunately, if only one kidney fails or is diseased it can be removed, and the remaining kidney may continue to have normal kidney (renal) function. If both patient's kidneys are injured or diseased, a donor kidney(s) may be transplanted.

The list of causes of kidney failure is often categorized based on where the injury has occurred.

Prerenal causes (pre=before + renal=kidney) causes are due to decreased blood supply to the kidney. Examples of prerenal causes of kidney failure are:

  • Hypovolemia (low blood volume) due to blood loss
  • Dehydration from loss of body fluid (for example, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, fever)
  • Poor intake of fluids
  • Medication, for example, diuretics ("water pills") may cause excessive water loss
  • Abnormal blood flow to and from the kidney due to obstruction of the renal artery or vein.




QUESTION

The only purpose of the kidneys is to filter blood.
See Answer

Medical imaging of a male body highlighting the kidneys under attack from the infection.
Medical imaging of a male body highlighting the kidneys under attack from the infection.Source: iStock

What causes acute kidney failure?

Renal causes of kidney failure (damage directly to the kidney itself) include:

Sepsis: The body's immune system is overwhelmed from infection and causes inflammation and shutdown of the kidneys. This usually does not occur with simple urinary tract infections.

Medications: Some medications are toxic to the kidney including:

Rhabdomyolysis: In rhabdomyolysis there is significant muscle breakdown in the body, and the damaged muscle fibers clog the filtering system of the kidneys. Massive muscle injury may occur because of trauma, crush injuries, and burns. Some medications used to treat high cholesterol may cause rhabdomyolysis.

Multiple myeloma

Acute glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering system of the kidneys. Many diseases can cause this inflammation including:

Hemolytic uremic syndrome: This condition results from abnormal destruction of red blood cells. It most often occurs in children after certain infections, but also may be caused by medications, pregnancy, or can occur for unknown reasons.

Postrenal kidney failure causes

Post renal causes of kidney failure (post=after + renal= kidney) are due to factors that affect outflow of the urine:

  • Obstruction of the bladder or the ureters can cause back pressure because the kidneys continue to produce urine, but the obstruction acts like a dam, and urine backs up into the kidneys. When the pressure increases high enough, the kidneys are damaged and shut down.
  • Prostatic hypertrophy or prostate cancer may block the urethra and prevents the bladder from emptying.
  • Tumors in the abdomen that surround and obstruct the ureters.
  • Kidney stones. Usually, kidney stones affect only one kidney and do not cause kidney failure. However, if there is only one kidney present, a kidney stone may cause the remaining kidney to fail.

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A cross-section illustration of a human kidney with callouts.
A cross-section illustration of a human kidney with callouts.Source: MedicineNet

What causes chronic kidney failure?

Chronic renal failure develops over months and years. The most common causes of chronic renal failure are related to

Less common causes of chronic renal failure include:

  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Reflux nephropathy (damage caused by urine backflow from the bladder into the ureters and kidney)
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Alport's disease
  • Interstitial nephritis
  • Kidney stones
  • Prostate disease




IMAGES

Kidney Failure (Symptoms, Signs, Stages, Causes, Treatment, and Life Expectancy)
See a medical illustration of the kidney plus entire medical gallery of human anatomy and physiology
See Images

A doctor helping a senior patient in pain.
Pain is often a consequence of the underlying chronic disease that led to kidney failure, for example, people with poorly controlled diabetes may develop diabetic neuropathy pain.Source: iStock

Does kidney failure cause pain?

Kidney failure in itself does not cause pain. However, the consequences of kidney failure may cause pain and discomfort in different parts of the body.

Amyloid proteins

Normal functioning kidneys filter amyloid (a protein) from the blood stream. In kidney failure amyloid proteins in the blood rise, and can separate and clump together forming amyloid deposits into a variety of tissue and organs, including joints and tendons. This can result in symptoms of:

Procedure related pain

  • Patients who are on dialysis may have discomfort when on the dialysis machine.

Underlying chronic disease pain

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A nefro-urology report with urine and blood sample tubes.
Diagnosis of kidney failure can be confirmed by blood tests such as BUN, creatinine, and GFR.Source: iStock

What procedures and tests diagnose kidney failure?

Often, a patient is seen for another medical condition and the diagnosis of kidney failure is a consequence of the patient's disease or injury. In patients with chronic kidney disease due to diabetes, high blood pressure, or another related medical condition his or her medical care team most likely monitors kidney function as part of his or her routine long-term medical care plan.

Diagnosis of kidney failure can be confirmed by blood tests such as BUN, creatinine, and GFR; which measure the buildup of waste products in the blood.

Urine tests may be ordered to measure the amount of protein, detect the presence of abnormal cells, or measure the concentration of electrolytes.

Other tests are used to diagnose the type of kidney failure such as:

A woman checking her blood sugar and a woman checking her blood pressure.
Once kidney failure is present, the goal is to prevent further deterioration of renal function.Source: iStock

What is the treatment for kidney failure?

Prevention is always the goal with kidney failure. Chronic diseases such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes are devastating because of the damage that they can do to kidneys and other organs. Lifelong diligence is important in keeping blood sugar and blood pressure within normal limits. Specific treatments depend upon the underlying diseases.

Once kidney failure is present, the goal is to prevent further deterioration of renal function. If ignored, the kidneys will progress to complete failure, but if underlying illnesses are addressed and treated aggressively, kidney function can be preserved, though not always improved.

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A dietician discussing food options with a senior kidney patient.
A dietician discussing food options with a senior kidney patient.Source: Veer

Is there a diet for kidney failure? What foods should be avoided? Which are OK to eat?

Diet is an important consideration for those with impaired kidney function. Consultation with a dietician may be helpful to understand what foods may or may not be appropriate.

In this state of impaired kidney function, the kidneys cannot easily remove excess water, salt, or potassium from the blood, so foods high in potassium salt substitutes may need to be consumed in limited quantities. Examples of potassium rich foods include:

  • Bananas
  • Apricots
  • Cantaloupe
  • Sweet potatoes
  • Yogurt
  • Spinach
  • Avocados

Phosphorus is a forgotten chemical that is associated with calcium metabolism and may be elevated in the body in kidney failure. Too much phosphorus can leech calcium from the bones and cause osteoporosis and fractures. Examples of foods and beverages high in phosphorus include:

  • Milk
  • Cheese
  • Nuts
  • Dark cola drinks
  • Canned iced teas
  • Yogurt
  • Organ meets
  • Sardines
  • Oysters
  • Baked beans
  • Black beans
  • Lentils
  • Kidney beans
  • Soy beans
  • Bran cereals
  • Caramels
  • Whole grain products

An elderly man taking his kidney medication from the medicine cabinet.
An elderly man taking his kidney medications.Source: Bigstock

What medications treat kidney failure?

Different classes of medications may be used to help control some of the issues associated with kidney failure including:

Once the kidneys fail completely, the treatment options are limited to dialysis or kidney replacement by transplantation.

A female nurse looking after two patients undergoing renal dialysis.
Once the kidneys fail completely, the treatment options are limited to dialysis or kidney replacement by transplantation.Source: iStock

What are dialysis and hemodialysis?

Dialysis cleanses the body of waste products in the body by use of filter systems. There are two types of dialysis, 1) hemodialysis and 2) peritoneal dialysis.

Hemodialysis uses a machine filter called a dialyzer or artificial kidney to remove excess water and salt, to balance the other electrolytes in the body, and to remove waste products of metabolism. Blood is removed from the body and flows through tubing into the machine, where it passes next to a filter membrane. A specialized chemical solution (dialysate) flows on the other side of the membrane. The dialysate is formulated to draw impurities from the blood through the filter membrane. Blood and dialysate never touch in the artificial kidney machine.

For this type of dialysis, access to the blood vessels needs to be surgically created so that large amounts of blood can flow into the machine and back to the body. Surgeons can build a fistula, a connection between a large artery and vein in the body, usually in the arm, that allows a large amount of blood to flow into the vein. This makes the vein swell or dilate, and its walls become thicker so that it can tolerate repeated needle sticks to attach tubing from the body to the machine. Since it takes many weeks or months for a fistula to mature enough to be used, significant planning is required if hemodialysis is to be considered as an option.

If the kidney failure happens acutely and there is no time to build a fistula, special catheters may be inserted into the larger blood vessels of the arm, leg, or chest. These catheters may be left in place for weeks. In some diseases, the need for dialysis will be temporary, but if the expectation is that dialysis will continue for a prolonged period of time, these catheters act as a bridge until a fistula can be planned, placed, and matured.

Dialysis treatments normally occur three times a week and last a few hours at a time. Most commonly, patients travel to an outpatient center to have dialysis, but home dialysis therapy is becoming an option for some.

Outpatient dialysis is available on some cruise ships. They are equipped with dialysis machines with trained health care professionals ready to care for those with kidney failure while traveling.

Peritoneal dialysis tubing is attached to the abdominal connection of a male patient.
Peritoneal dialysis tubing is attached to the abdominal connection of a male patient.Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH)

What is peritoneal dialysis?

Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the abdominal cavity as the dialysis filter to rid the body of waste and to balance electrolyte levels. A catheter is placed in the abdominal cavity through the abdominal wall by a surgeon, and it is expected to remain in place for the long-term. The dialysis solution is then dripped in through the catheter and left in the abdominal cavity for a few hours after which, it is drained out. During that time, waste products leech from the blood flowing through the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum), and attach themselves to the fluid that has been instilled by the catheters. Often, patients instill the dialysate fluid before bedtime, and drain it in the morning.

There are benefits and complications for each type of dialysis. Not every patient can choose which type he or she would prefer. The treatment decision depends on the patient's illness and their past medical history along with other issues. Usually, the nephrologist (kidney specialist) will have a long discussion with the patient and family to decide what will be the best option available.

Dialysis is lifesaving. Without it, patients whose kidneys no longer function would die relatively quickly due to electrolyte abnormalities and the buildup of toxins in the blood stream. Patients may live many years with dialysis but other underlying and associated illnesses often are the cause of death.

Illustration of a kidney transplant.
Illustration of a kidney transplant.Source: iStock

Is a kidney transplant an option?

If kidney failure occurs and is non-reversible, kidney transplantation is an alternative option to dialysis. If the patient is an appropriate candidate, the healthcare professional and nephrologist will contact an organ transplant center to arrange evaluation to see whether the patient is suitable for this treatment. If so, the search for a donor begins. Sometimes, family members have compatible tissue types and, if they are willing, may donate a kidney. Otherwise, the patient will be placed on the organ transplant list that is maintained by the United Network of Organ Sharing.

Not all hospitals are capable of performing kidney transplants. The patient may have to travel to undergo their operation. The most successful programs are those that do many transplants every year.

While kidney transplants have become routine, they still carry some risk. The patient will need to take anti-rejection medications that reduce the ability of the immune system to fight infection. The body can try to reject the kidney or the transplanted kidney may fail to work. As with any operation, there is a risk of bleeding and infection.

Kidney transplants may provide better quality of life than dialysis. After one year, 95% of transplanted kidneys are still functioning and after five years, the number is 80%. It seems that the longer a patient is on dialysis, the shorter the life of the transplanted kidney.

If the transplanted kidney fails, the alternative is another kidney transplant or a return to dialysis.

A doctor discussing kidney failure using an anatomical model of a human kidney.
Prevention is the best chance to maintain kidney function, and controlling high blood pressure and diabetes over a lifetime can decrease the potential for progressive kidney damage.Source: N/A

What is the prognosis and life expectancy for kidney failure? Can it be prevented?

The outlook for kidney failure depends upon the underlying condition that caused it. Kidney function may return to normal, especially if it is due to an acute obstruction and that obstruction is relieved. Other causes of decreased kidney function leading to kidney failure are due to underlying disease and occur slowly over time.

Prevention is the best chance to maintain kidney function, and controlling high blood pressure and diabetes over a lifetime can decrease the potential for progressive kidney damage. Chronic kidney failure may be managed to help monitor electrolyte and waste product levels in the bloodstream. Major abnormalities can be life-threatening, and treatment options may be limited to dialysis or transplant.

Why Is My Poop Green?

Stool, digestion, and color

Green stool is usually the result of eating food that is heavily dyed green. However, other factors connected to green stool may include diarrhea, age (primarily children), and changes in diet.Green stool is usually the result of eating food that is heavily dyed green. However, other factors connected to green stool may include diarrhea, age (primarily children), and changes in diet.

Your body is always producing waste. It takes an average of three days for food to move through your digestive system, so there’s always some waste moving through your body. Depending on what you eat and drink, your stool can take on many different appearances. While a sudden color change can be alarming, many types of stool are natural and simply a result of your diet.

One common variation in your stool is a change in color. Many people will notice that their stool appears green from time to time, for example. While this color change can be surprising, in most cases, it’s completely benign. There are several other factors to consider when you’re identifying the cause of green stool, including consistency and your recent diet

Recognizing the signs and causes of green stool is important to identify why the color has changed and whether you need to reach out to your physician. 

Signs and symptoms of green stool

Green stool is often the result of eating food that is heavily dyed green. These dyes aren’t broken down in the intestines, so they make their way into your stool.

Other symptoms connected to green stool may include:

Diarrhea

Compared to solid stools, diarrhea is more likely to be green. This is partially caused by the speed at which the waste has passed through your system. When stool moves through your intestines too quickly, your intestines don’t have time to reabsorb the bile that your gallbladder has added to the mix. This bile is green, and may make your diarrhea appear green as well.

Age

Green poop is more frequent in young children than in adults. Infants are especially prone to green stool while they are being fed formula or breastmilk. This is completely natural, and may be linked to their size and diet. 

Changes in diet 

Any significant change to your normal diet can cause a change in your stools. Eating a large amount of green food one day may lead to green stools several days later. Remember that food takes time to pass through your digestive system, so there may be a several-day delay between when your diet changes and when the change becomes visible in your stool.

Causes of green stool

There are many potential reasons why your stool is green. Food dye is a frequent cause of green stool in both children and adults. Other underlying causes may include:

Iron supplements

Iron supplements can sometimes cause stools to appear a dark green that is almost black. Not only is this normal, some physicians consider it to be a sign that the supplementation is effective. If the stool color bothers you, you can work with your physician to lower your dosage. 

Diet rich in spinach

Dark green vegetables like spinach or broccoli can sometimes lead to green stools as well. These foods are rich in chlorophyll and fiber, so it’s not uncommon for large quantities of the green color to make it to your stool.

Intestinal illnesses

Finally, if you are feeling intestinal cramping or experiencing diarrhea, your green stool is likely caused by bile. This can be caused by a number of intestinal illnesses, from gastroenteritis to Crohn’s disease.

Diagnosing causes of green stools

If you are concerned about your stool, you can talk to your physician. They will talk to you about your recent diet, any medications or supplements you’ve been taking, and your general digestive health. Green stool is rarely something concerning; even when it is caused by a stomach illness, it’s the illness itself that should be treated, not the stool. 

Treatments for green stools

Green stools are generally harmless and will resolve on their own. If you want to treat green stools, there are a number of ways you can potentially return your stool to its standard shade.

If you’ve been eating large amounts of green vegetables, they are likely the cause. Reducing your spinach intake may return your stools to their normal color. Similarly, if you’ve started taking iron supplements, lowering your dose will likely help. 

For short-term intestinal problems like gastroenteritis, your priority should be to keep yourself hydrated and comfortable. The illness should resolve by itself in a few days to a week and your stools will return to normal. 

If your stomach problems continue for longer than a few days or you’re having trouble staying hydrated, you should reach out to your physician for medical treatment.

How Do You Know if You Have the Stomach Flu?

What is stomach flu?

When you have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, you may wonder if you have stomach flu.When you have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, you may wonder if you have stomach flu.

When you have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, you are sure to be miserable. You may wonder if you have stomach flu or if something else is making you ill. You are likely to feel better soon, but you may never know the answer to that question. 

The illness known as stomach flu isn't really flu at all. Flu is short for influenza, which is a virus that attacks the respiratory system. A more accurate term for stomach flu is gastroenteritis, which occurs when the linings of the stomach and small intestine become inflamed. Most stomach flu is actually viral gastroenteritis.  

Viral gastroenteritis usually passes fairly quickly and doesn't have lasting effects. For that reason, health experts don't recommend that you seek medical care. Usually, you will be more comfortable at home, and you will be less likely to infect others. 

Occasionally, gastrointestinal illnesses are caused by food poisoning instead of a virus. Both cause stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but there are a few differences between the two. If you have body aches, headache, or fever, you are more likely to have stomach flu. Stomach flu is also more likely to cause projectile vomiting. Food poisoning is more apt to cause bloody diarrhea

Sometimes the circumstances around your illness can offer clues. If you've recently been around someone with a similar illness, you probably caught a case of stomach flu. 

If you have eaten food that is easily contaminated, such as seafood, salad greens, dairy products, or undercooked eggs or meat, you may have food poisoning. Of course, if a companion ate the same food and also became ill, that points toward food poisoning. 

Symptoms of stomach flu

The usual symptoms of viral gastroenteritis, or stomach flu, include:

Nausea and vomiting

Often lack of appetite or nausea is the first sign of stomach flu, with vomiting usually following soon after and diarrhea after that. Vomiting typically stops before diarrhea, and you may recover your appetite quickly. 

Cramping and diarrhea

Stomach cramps and audible noises from the intestine often precede watery diarrhea. Severe diarrhea is when you have over ten bowel movements in one day. Generally, viral gastroenteritis doesn't cause pus or blood in the stool

General unwellness

You may have a fever with the stomach flu, but it rarely goes high. You may also have achy muscles and feel generally weak and exhausted. 

Causes of stomach flu

Several viruses can cause stomach flu, including: 

Norovirus

If you have symptoms of stomach flu, it's most likely that you have norovirus. It is transmitted easily and in multiple ways. You can get norovirus from food and from surfaces that are contaminated with the virus. You can also get it from another person. 

Those who have had the virus can spread it for two weeks after they have recovered, making it easy to pass around. Researchers are working on developing a vaccine for norovirus.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is most common in infants and children, but older people can get it, too. In adults, the illness is usually mild. In children, it may cause severe watery diarrhea and dangerous dehydration

Vaccines are available for rotavirus. Health authorities recommend that children receive their first dose before 15 weeks of age. They should complete the course of two or three doses before they reach eight months of age.

Other viruses

Stomach flu can be caused by three other classes of viruses: adenovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus. Each of these may account for 2-9% of cases, affecting children more than adults.

Recently a number of novel viruses have been identified in the human gastrointestinal tract. Researchers are unsure whether they cause gastrointestinal illnesses such as diarrhea. Proving that a particular virus is responsible for symptoms isn't an easy task.

When to see the doctor for stomach flu

Most of the time, you recover quickly from viral gastroenteritis and won't need to see a doctor. Children, older adults, and those with conditions that put them at risk may need medical care, especially if they are dehydrated. 

Signs of dehydration include decreased urination, dry mouth, and dizziness upon standing. With babies, look for a lack of tears and unusual sleepiness or crankiness, along with a low number of wet diapers.  

Other signs that you need to see a doctor include severe abdominal pain, diarrhea lasting more than 48 hours, and blood in the stool.

Diagnosis of stomach flu

Unless you become very ill, you may never get an official diagnosis of your stomach flu. If you do need medical attention, your doctor will probably make a clinical diagnosis based on your signs and symptoms. 

Many clinics and emergency rooms aren't equipped to run tests for viruses. If you are well hydrated and don't have risk factors, you will probably be sent home without testing. 

If you have symptoms that suggest a diagnosis other than viral gastroenteritis, your doctor may order tests. A stool sample can show if you have a bacterial infection instead of a viral one. Computerized tomography (CT) can be used to look for other conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 

Treatments for stomach flu

Treatment for stomach flu consists of rest and hydration. Drugs such as loperamide may be used to slow down diarrhea. 

Doctors advise those with stomach flu not to restrict their diet but to eat what appeals to them. Some people may find that certain foods make their diarrhea worse. Foods that are sometimes troublesome include {National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: "Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Viral Gastroenteritis: 

  • Milk and milk products, which contain lactose
  • Fried foods and other foods high in fat, including most fast food
  • Soft drinks and fruit juices that contain a lot of simple sugars
  • Drinks containing caffeine

What Is Gastritis? Treatments, Diet, Symptoms, Pain & Cure

Gastritis can result in stomach pain and digestive problems.
Gastritis can result in stomach pain and digestive problems.Source: Getty Images

What should you know about gastritis?

What is the medical definition of gastritis?

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. There are two types of gastritis, acute and chronic.

What are the signs and symptoms of gastritis?

Some people with gastritis may not have any symptoms; however, both acute and chronic gastritis may have symptoms and signs of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally, belching, bloating, loss of appetite, and indigestion.

What causes gastritis?

A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the two main causes of gastritis; however, there are many other causes of the condition, for example, infectious agents, autoimmune problems, diseases like Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, and isolated granulomatosis gastritis.

How do you know if you have gastritis?

Gastritis can be diagnosed by your symptoms and history (for example, NSAID and/or alcohol consumption), or by breath, blood, stool, immunological, and biopsy tests to detect H. pylori, and other tests like endoscopy or radiologic studies demonstrate mucosal changes.

What is the treatment for gastritis?

The treatment for gastritis varies according to the cause. Other less common causes may be treated similarly, but do not treat the underlying cause.

Is there a diet for gastritis?

Gastritis symptoms can be aggravated by chemical irritants that cause or aggravate the symptoms of gastritis should be reduced or stopped altogether. For example, stop smoking cigarettes, avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, avoid caffeinated, decaffeinated, and carbonated drinks; and fruit juices that contain citric acid, for example, grapefruit, orange, pineapple, etc., and avoid high-fat foods.

There is no gastritis diet, however, the growth of H. pylori may be stopped by a diet rich in fiber, and foods that contain flavonoids, for example, certain teas, onions, garlic, berries, celery, kale, broccoli, parsley, thyme, foods with soy, and legumes, for example, lentils, kidney, black, soy, pinto, and navy beans.

What home remedies help reduce symptoms of gastritis?

Home remedies may help reduce gastritis symptoms but usually do not treat the underlying cause of the condition.

How long does it take for gastritis to go away?

People with acute gastritis usually recover completely with no complications. However, chronic gastritis may have a range of outcomes from good (early treatment) to poor if serious complications develop. Rarely, complications can occur from acute gastritis.

Complications from chronic gastritis include peptic ulcers, bleeding ulcers, anemia, gastric cancers, MALT lymphoma, renal problems, strictures, bowel obstruction, or even death.

If underlying causes of gastritis (for example, alcohol, or NSAIDs usage) are treated or not used, gastritis also may be prevented.

Can gastritis be cured?

Gastritis may be cured if the underlying cause(s) is cured.

How can you prevent gastritis?

Since gastritis is an infection and can you can avoid it by practicing good hand washing techniques, for example, wash the hands thoroughly and frequently. To reduce the risk of gastritis avoid situations where you are exposed to chemicals, radiation, or toxins.

Gastritis Symptoms

Gastritis, or inflammation of the lining tissues of the stomach, can be either acute or chronic. Symptoms
of gastritis include:

  • Upper abdominal pain
  • Burning
  • Heartburn

Symptoms of chronic gastritis include:

  • Feelings of fullness
  • Nausea
  • Intestinal gas

Read more about acute and chronic gastritis symptoms and signs »

Gastritis is caused by inflammation of the stomach lining also known as the gastric mucosa.
Gastritis is caused by inflammation of the stomach lining also known as the gastric mucosa.Source: Getty Images

What is gastritis?

Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Unfortunately, the term "gastritis" has been misused to include many different upper abdominal problems, but true gastritis refers to the stomach lining (gastric mucosa) that is inflamed. All or part of the gastric mucosa may be involved. Gastritis may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute gastritis maybe characterized as erosive (damaged areas where mucosal cells are disrupted or missing) and nonerosive. Chronic gastritis is determined by histopathology (appearance of the gastric mucosa) with symptoms lasting a long time. There is no widely accepted classification system although some have been proposed.

This information will focus on true gastritis. Gastritis has many causes, but most causes result in similar symptoms. This has leads to some confusion and is the reason why many health-care professionals now consider the term "gastritis" as a non-specific description of a cluster of symptoms.

How long does gastritis last?

Acute gastritis lasts for about 2-10 days. If chronic gastritis is not treated, it may last from weeks to years.

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Symptoms of severe gastritis may include, vomiting blood, blood in the stool, and anemiaSource: MedicineNet

What are the symptoms of gastritis?

Many people with gastritis do not have symptoms. The condition is diagnosed only when samples of the stomach mucosa are examined for other suspected diseases. However, when gastritis symptoms occur, the most common symptoms include:

Gastritis symptoms come and go over time, especially with chronic gastritis. Indigestion (dyspepsia) is another term that encompasses this cluster of symptoms. Symptoms of severe gastritis may include:

Can you drink alcohol and eat any foods with gastritis?

Foods and other substances that should be avoided to reduce or prevent gastritis symptoms include, alcohol, spicy, fatty, and fried foods. Moreover, anything that might be toxic or irritating to the stomach should also be avoided (for example cigarette smoking, acidic drinks like coffee, garlic powder, chili powder, peppers and tomato products).

What foods relieve gastritis symptoms?

The University of Maryland health-care professionals and others suggest that eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding foods that are spicy, acidic, fried or fatty will help reduce symptoms. Moreover, stress reduction is also recommended. Dietary changes such as ginger tea and/or chamomile tea with honey reportedly soothes gastritis symptoms while onions, garlic, cranberries, apples, and celery may stop H. pylori growth.

Foods that may stop H. pylori growth and relieve gastritis symptoms include:

  • Teas (green and white in particular)
  • Yogurt
  • Peppermint
  • Wheat bran
  • Carrot juice
  • Coconut water
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Onions
  • Garlic
  • Apples
  • Fresh fruits and berries
  • Celery
  • Cranberry juice
  • Kale
  • Broccoli
  • Scallions
  • Parsley
  • Thyme
  • Soybeans
  • Soy foods
  • Legumes (beans, peas, and lentils)

Although these home remedies may help reduce or soothe symptoms, home remedies seldom treat the underlying causes of gastritis.

MedicineNet
A major cause of both acute and chronic gastritis is an infection of the stomach mucosa by a bacterial species named Helicobacter pylori.Source: MedicineNet

What causes gastritis?

A major cause of both acute and chronic gastritis is an infection of the stomach mucosa by a bacterial species named Helicobacter pylori. Usually, this bacterium first infects the stomach antrum (stomach mucosa without acid-producing cells) acutely and may progress to infect most or all of the stomach's mucosa over time (chronic gastritis) and remain there for years. This infection generates an initial strong inflammatory response and eventually, a long-term chronic inflammation with intestinal cell changes may develop. Another major cause of acute and chronic gastritis is the use (and overuse) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

However, there are many other causes of gastritis; the following is a list of common causes of both acute and chronic gastritis; chronic gastritis may occur with the repeated or continual presence of most of these causes:

  • Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections
  • Certain drugs (cocaine)
  • Alcoholic disease (drinking excessive amounts of alcohol)
  • Bile reflux
  • Fungal infections
  • Allergic reactions
  • Autoimmune reactions
  • Stress reaction
  • Radiation
  • Certain food poisonings (infectious and chemical)
  • Trauma

In general, infectious agents, especially Helicobacter pylori, and NSAIDs are responsible for the majority of people with gastritis.




QUESTION

Bowel regularity means a bowel movement every day.
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MedicineNet
This bacterium can be detected by breath, blood, stool, immunological, and biopsy tests. Although the bacterium can be cultured from the patient, this is seldom attempted. Other pathogens can be identified using culture, stool, and immunological tests.Source: MedicineNet

How do you know if you have gastritis?

Gastritis is diagnosed based on the patient's symptoms and history of a previous diagnosis and treatment of gastritis, alcohol consumption, and use of NSAIDs. A definitive diagnosis of gastritis is made by identifying the underlying cause of the gastric mucosal inflammation and/or by tissue (gastric) biopsy. For example, the major infective cause of gastritis is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium can be detected by breath, blood, stool, immunological, and biopsy tests. Although the bacterium can be cultured from the patient, this is seldom attempted. Other pathogens can be identified using culture, stool, and immunological tests.

Biopsy of the stomach mucosa, done during endoscopy examinations, is often used in patients to identify the causes of chronic gastritis and may allow visualization of mucosal erosions and other stomach mucosal changes. Abdominal X-rays or barium studies (upper or lower) may demonstrate the presence of thickened mucosa and folds that are signs of inflammation in the stomach.

Your doctor can help determine which tests should be done, including ancillary tests that may help identify other causes of the non-specific symptoms commonly found with gastritis.

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Medications are used to treat the underlying causes of gastritis.
Medications are used to treat the underlying causes of gastritis.Source: Getty Images

What OTC and prescription medications treat gastritis?

Treating the underlying cause of gastritis is the most effective way to reduce or resolve gastritis symptoms. For example, if the cause of gastritis is H. pylori, then treatment with appropriate antibiotics (usually a combination of amoxicillin and clarithromycin [Biaxin, Biaxin XL] plus bismuth subsalicylate [Pepto-Bismol]) should be effective to provide relief from symptoms.

If NSAIDs are the cause, then stopping the drug should be effective.

Other treatments often are used in addition to those that treat the specific cause of gastritis, many of which are over-the-counter or OTC, may reduce or stop symptoms of gastritis and allow gastric mucosal healing to begin regardless of the underlying cause. These medications include

They all function by different mechanisms to reduce acid in the stomach but usually do not treat the underlying cause of gastritis.

What is the best treatment for gastritis?

Treatments for gastritis vary and depend on successful treatments of its underlying cause(s). The most common treatments are over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications for symptom relief.

A diet that avoids hot, fried and/or spicy foods, alcohol drinking, or eating items you may be allergic to is another good way to both treat and reduce the risk of gastritis.

What home remedies relieve symptoms of gastritis?

Usually, home remedies do not treat the underlying cause of gastritis.

Is there a special diet for gastritis?

There are general recommendations about what foods and drinks that you should consume to help reduce and relieve symptoms of gastritis. If underlying causes are not treated (for example, severe H. pylori infection, eating spicy foods and/or alcohol consumption), diet changes may result in little or no change in gastritis symptoms.

Some complications of gastritis could be severe if no treatment is given.
Some complications of gastritis could be severe if no treatment is given.Source: Getty Images

Can gastritis be cured?

Most people that get gastritis have few or short-term symptoms, and recover completely, and are cured of the condition. Those people with underlying causes that are appropriately treated often recover completely. The prognosis of individuals with chronic disease and those who develop serious complications like bleeding ulcers, obstruction, and cancer.

Can you die from gastritis?

The complications of gastritis may occur over time, especially if gastritis becomes chronic and the underlying causes are not treated. Complications of gastritis may include 

  • peptic ulcer,
  • bleeding ulcers,
  • erosive stomach lining (the stomach tissue wears away),
  • anemia,
  • gastric cancers,
  • MALT lymphoma,
  • gastric scarring and strictures with outlet obstruction,
  • dehydration,
  • kidney problems, and
  • death.

 

How is gastritis prevented?

If the underlying cause of gastritis is preventable, then gastritis can be prevented and people can get gastritis relief.

  • Don't drink alcohol, take NSAIDs, and quit smoking if they trigger gastritis.
  • Avoid situations where chemicals, radiation or some toxin ingestion could be.
  • It may be more difficult to prevent some infectious causes of gastritis, but proper hygiene, hand washing, and eating and drinking only adequately cleaned or treated foods and fluids are healthy ways to decrease your risk of getting gastritis from infectious agents.

Is Diverticulitis Contagious?

What is diverticulitis?

Diverticulitis is an inflammation of a diverticulum and/or diverticula (an abnormal pouch or sacs formed at a weak point in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract). Inflammation of a diverticulum causes pain and disturbance of bowel function. Signs and symptoms of diverticulitis include the following:

More severe symptoms include fever, abdominal tenderness, swollen abdomen, and fistula formation.

Is diverticulitis contagious?

Causes of diverticulitis are either infectious (bacteria causing inflammation) and/or noninfectious (foods or seeds causing erosion and inflammation when trapped inside a diverticulum). However, diverticulitis is not contagious.

For diverticulitis to occur, an individual must have diverticula develop in their gastrointestinal tracts. There is no evidence that diverticula development is contagious. Medical treatments, for example, metronidazole (Flagyl), ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Cipro XR, Proquin XR), amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (Augmentin), and many others may cure some episodes of diverticulitis, but the diverticula can become re-infected and/or irritated with agents that cause inflammation. Unfortunately, diverticulitis can reoccur. Once the diverticula are formed they become life-long structures unless removed by surgery.

During an attack of diverticulitis, patients are instructed to only eat a clear liquid diet (broth, Jell-O, clear fluids without any pulp). To help prevent further problems, it is advised to eat a high-fiber diet or a vegetarian diet as they are associated with lowering the risk of recurrent disease. Meals should include whole-grain breads, pastas, fresh fruit and vegetables. There is some controversy about which foods to avoid – popcorn, corn, foods with seeds in them and nuts have been recommended to avoid, but there is inadequate data to support this recommendation.

Picture of diverticulitis

Diverticulitis Symptoms

It has been thought as many as 20% of individuals with diverticulosis will develop symptoms related to the diverticulosis, primarily diverticulitis; however, the most recent study suggests that the incidence is closer to 5%.

The most common signs and symptoms of diverticulitis include:

  • Abdominal pain (left lower abdomen)
  • Fever
  • Abdominal tenderness (left lower abdomen
  • Elevated white blood cell count in the blood
  • Constipation or, sometimes, diarrhea.

Read more diverticulitis symptoms and treatment »

How will I know if I have diverticulitis?

The preliminary diagnosis is usually made by the person's history of symptoms and the physical exam. A CT scan is considered one of the best methods to confirm the diagnosis of diverticulitis. Often blood tests are performed to help diagnose complications of the disease.

How will I know if I am cured of diverticulitis?

Diverticulitis is cured (or brought into remission) when the symptoms described above resolve. This occurs after the causative factors of the inflammation are removed, so the pain of diverticulitis may last hours or days. Consequently, it is important to initiate antibiotic treatments early. Symptoms generally begin to remit in about 2 to 4 days.

However, other than infection from bacteria, there is another potential causative factor for the inflammation (food or seed blockage and/or irritation of the tissue in the diverticula). In this situation, remission of symptoms depends upon successful resolution of the inflammation. Surgery can also be required with severe infectious diverticulitis. Approximately 15% to 25% of patients that have their first episode of diverticulitis will need surgery to treat the disease.

When should I seek emergency medical care for diverticulitis?

  • If a person develops symptoms of diverticulitis they should immediately seek medical care.
  • Any person that develops severe abdominal pain with tenderness should go immediately to the nearest emergency center for evaluation.
  • Medical care should be sought if a person develops blood in the stools or fever with abdominal pain that does not go away.

How Do I Know if I Have Piles (Hemorrhoids)?

What are piles (hemorrhoids)?

Mild piles (hemorrhoids) can often go unnoticed, but noticeable symptoms can include pain, itching, bleeding, and external lumps.
Mild piles (hemorrhoids) can often go unnoticed, but noticeable symptoms can include pain, itching, bleeding, and external lumps.

Piles, or hemorrhoids, occur when the veins within the rectum and anus (organs at the end of your digestive tract that pass stools) become inflamed and swollen. Piles usually aren’t serious and heal within a week, but severe cases may require medical treatment.

Signs and symptoms of piles (hemorrhoids)

Mild piles can often go unnoticed, but they have a range of symptoms, especially regarding your bowel movements.

Pain

Piles can range from painless to severely painful. Sharp pain or a pinching feeling may occur when you’re sitting on the toilet or passing a stool. The anus or area between your buttocks may also feel sore, especially after a bowel movement.

Itching

Piles can cause an itching sensation around the anus. Often, scratching can make it itch more.

Bleeding

All types of piles can bleed, even if you’re not experiencing any pain. Bright red blood can appear in the stools and the water surrounding it, or on used toilet paper. 

Lumps

Tender lumps of skin can develop outside the anus. You may be able to see one, or feel it as you wipe after a bowel movement.

Types of piles (hemorrhoids)

Piles can be internal or external. Internal piles develop inside the anus and are not visible on the skin around it, while external piles develop on the skin outside the anus. Internal piles fall under four grades, I to IV.

  • Grade I: The pile is completely internal—it doesn’t extend out of the anus. You can’t see or feel it on the skin. 
  • Grade II: The pile is internal but can extend outside of the anus while straining or passing a stool. After passing a stool, the pile goes back inside by itself.
  • Grade III: Like grade II, this type of pile extends outside the anus while straining but won’t go back inside on its own — you must push it back in. 
  • Grade IV: The pile extends outside the anus and cannot be pushed back in. See a doctor immediately if you think you have this type.

Causes of piles (hemorrhoids)

Piles can have several different causes, usually having to do with increased pressure and strain around the pelvis and rectum. This increased pressure can push more blood to the veins in that area, causing them to swell.

Pregnancy/childbirth

During pregnancy and childbirth, the enlarged uterus and expanded vaginal canal increase pressure on the nearby pelvis and rectum, creating piles. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can also cause piles. 

Over-long bathroom trips

The angle of your backside on the toilet seat is low enough to cause blood to pool in your anal veins if you sit in the same position for too long. 

Constipation

The strain of constipation can also cause too much blood to flow to your anal tissue, creating swollen veins.

Heavy lifting

Like constipation, lifting heavy objects increases blood flow to your muscles. This includes your rectal and anal muscles, even if you’re not using them directly.




QUESTION

Everyone has hemorrhoids.
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When to see the doctor for piles (hemorrhoids)

Usually, piles heal on their own and don’t require medical attention. But contact your doctor if you notice blood while you’re passing a stool. Bright red blood generally comes from the lower digestive tract (intestines, anus), while black or tarry-appearing blood comes from higher up in your body. 

The most common reasons for bright blood in the stool are usually not serious, but sometimes it can indicate a more serious underlying illness. If your piles often reappear, don’t heal on their own at home, or cause you severe pain, contact your doctor.

Diagnosis of piles (hemorrhoids)

A doctor can perform a rectal exam to determine whether you have piles. With a gloved and lubricated finger, they will gently feel inside and around your anus to look for any growths or lumps, internal or external piles, leakage, or other symptoms.

Treatments for piles (hemorrhoids)

You can treat most piles at home, but severe cases might require a doctor's help.

Dietary

Since constipation is a common cause of piles, keeping stools soft and easy to pass is key. Try to eat foods containing fiber, a nutrient that helps your body digest food. 

High-fiber foods include whole grains and bran, fruits and vegetables, and beans. Limit the amount of low-fiber foods you eat, like chips, meat, ice cream, and cheese. 

Drinking lots of water and clear liquids, like chicken soup, can also help soften your stools. 

Sitz bath

A sitz bath—sitting in warm water so it surrounds your anal area—can reduce pain and itching. You can use a sitz bath bowl or a bathtub.

Professional treatments

For severe piles, a doctor may perform rubber band ligation (tying a small band to the base of the pile to cut blood flow), sclerotherapy (chemical injection), or cryotherapy (freezing with special gas or liquid). Surgery may be necessary for piles that don’t respond to other treatments.

Stool Color Chart, Meaning, Texture Changes, Size & Unhealthy

Stool color changes can be caused by a number of underlying conditions.
Stool color changes can be caused by a number of underlying conditions.Source: iStock

Stool color, texture, and form changes facts

  • The normal stool (poop, feces) usually is light to dark brown.
  • Although changes in stool color or texture may be normal, most changes should be evaluated.
  • The symptoms associated with stool color changes, if any, are the symptoms of the underlying cause of the change, for example, foods, drinks, or illnesses such as:
  • Stool that is an unusual color may be due to diarrhea; bleeding in the intestine; intestine, pancreas, or liver diseases; and medications
  • Green stool or poop is a common stool color change. It may be due to bile pigment in the stool because diarrhea moves food too quickly thorough the intestine so the intestinal chemicals and bacteria can't break down the bile pigment to its normal brown color, or the green color may be due to certain foods like green, leafy vegetables or green food coloring.
  • Red or black poop may be a sign of bleeding in the digestive tract (from the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or colon) and should not be ignored.
  • When stool color changes, what tests need to be done depends upon what cause is suspected for the stool color change. For example, gastrointestinal tract endoscopy may be required to evaluate red or black stools if bleeding is suspected.
  • The treatment for stool color changes is the treatment of the underlying cause.

Rectal Bleeding (Blood in Stool, Hematochezia)

Causes of Blood in Stool

Blood in the stool can be bright red, maroon in color, black and tarry, or occult (not visible to the naked eye). Causes of blood in stool range from harmless, annoying conditions of the gastrointestinal tract such as hemorrhoids to serious conditions such as cancer.

Read more about rectal bleeding (blood in Stool) symptoms and causes »

Stool, feces, or poop is the waste product of digestion.
The underlying cause of the change in stool color, texture, or form is responsible for any symptoms.Source: Getty Images

What are symptoms of stool color changes?

Changes in stool color alone do not cause symptoms. The underlying cause of the change in stool color, texture, or form is responsible for any symptoms.

What does it mean when your stool color changes in color, texture, or form?

Bowel movements are usually light to dark brown in color, and there is moderate variation among individuals with respect to stool color, quantity, and form. When these changes in stool do occur, it can mean that there may be an illness affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the entire body.

Stool samples are taken to test for causes of stool color changes.
Changes in the chemical structure of the bilirubin can cause stool to turn green or yellow.Source: Getty Images

What is the color of normal stool?

Stool (feces, poop) color is most commonly brown. When stool color changes, a person, parent, or caregiver often becomes concerned. The presence of the bilirubin in the bile (a breakdown product of the hemoglobin in red blood cells that are normally destroyed after a useful life of several weeks) is generally responsible for stool color. Bilirubin concentration can vary the color of stool from light yellow to almost black. Changes in the chemical structure of the bilirubin can cause stool to turn green or yellow. Yellow stool also may occur if stool is dilute or there is a reduction in the amount of bilirubin that is produced by the liver. Bacteria and digestive enzymes in the intestine can act on the bilirubin and change its color. Most stool-to-stool changes in color have little meaning. However, some changes, particularly if the changes are consistent over time and not present in only one stool may mean something needs to be investigated.

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Eating beets can be a harmless cause of stool color changes.
Changes in stool color may be due to diarrhea that may cause yellow-green stools.Source: iStock

What are the causes of stool color, texture, and form changes?

In most cases, poop color changes are not symptoms of disease. Changes in stool color may be due to:

  • Diarrhea may cause yellow-green stools.
  • Some foods (beets, Jell-O, Kool-Aid, licorice, green leafy vegetables)
  • A few over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications
  • Diseases affecting the liver, pancreas, and intestines
  • Bleeding from the intestinal tract

Green stools

If stool passes through the intestine too quickly, there might not be enough time for bile to be digested and broken down to provide the normal brownish stool color. Normally, bacteria in the intestine chemically change bile to a greenish-brown color. It takes time for the bile to be fully changed in the intestine and become brown again, and if the transit time is short, for example, when a person has diarrhea, the stool remains green colored.

Green stools may be a normal variant. A diet rich in green vegetables, especially spinach, or Iron supplements also may cause green poop, though iron often turns stool black.

Stool color changes to yellow can signal undigested fats.
It can be due to the intestine’s inability to digest and absorb fat because of diseases of the intestinal lining (such as celiac disease and cystic fibrosis).Source: iStock

Yellow, greasy, and foul smelling stool

There are a variety of reasons why stool will be yellow, greasy, and foul-smelling. It can be due to the intestine's inability to digest and absorb fat because of diseases of the intestinal lining (such as in celiac disease and cystic fibrosis) because the pancreas is unable to manufacture adequate digestive enzymes (such as with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer that blocks the pancreatic duct), or there is not enough bile being delivered to the intestine (such as in cancer of the liver or bile ducts that are blocked). The yellowness, greasiness, and foul smell are due to the undigested fat.

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Stool color changes to bright red could be a sign of hemorrhoids.
The most common cause of bright red-colored stool in adults is bleeding from hemorrhoids.Source: iStock

Bright red stools

  • The most common cause of bright red-colored stool in adults is bleeding from hemorrhoids.
  • In infants, the most common cause is an anal fissure or tear in the tissue surrounding the anus.
  • Other causes for bright red blood in the stool may be more serious such as:
  • Infections of the intestines
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
  • Diverticular bleeding
  • Tumors
  • Arteriovenous malformations (abnormal communications between arteries and veins in the wall of the intestine that rupture).
  • Brisk bleeding from the ulcer in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum also may cause stools to be red instead of black if there has not been enough time for the red blood cells to be digested.
  • Red food coloring and beets can also give a reddish hue to the stool.




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Bowel regularity means a bowel movement every day.
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Black stool and tarry stool can be a worrisome sign of GI bleeding.
Black stools are a worrisome symptom because it may be due to a large amount of bleeding into the digestive system, most often from the upper GI tract including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.Source: iStock

Black tarry stools

Black stools are a worrisome symptom because it may be due to a large amount of bleeding into the digestive system, most often from the upper GI tract including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Red blood cells are broken down by digestive enzymes in the intestine and turn the stool black. These stools tend to be tar-like (sticky) and foul-smelling. This can be a medical emergency; black tarry stools should not be ignored.

Blood from nosebleeds or from dental procedures or mouth injuries can be swallowed and may be the cause of black stool, but the amount of bleeding usually is not substantial enough to do this.

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Stool color changes to a pale or clay color could signal a bile blockage.
Light-colored or clay-colored stools are often seen with diseases of the liver or bile ducts.Source: Getty Images

Clay-colored or white stools (pale stools)

Light-colored or clay-colored stools are often seen with diseases of the liver or bile ducts. The pale stool may be caused by pancreatic cancer that blocks the bile ducts. Lack of bile causes stool to lose its brown color and leaves it appearing pale.

Maroon stools

Maroon colored stools are often due to bleeding in the GI tract. The source of bleeding for red stools is the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, duodenum), while the colon is the source for bright red blood. Maroon stools, which is caused by partial digestion of the blood in the intestine often arises from the small intestine (jejunum, ileum) and proximal colon, but the color also depends in part on how rapidly the blood travels through the intestines. The faster the stool moves through the GI tract, the brighter red the color. This can be an emergency.

In children with intussusception, where one portion or the intestine telescopes into another part, causing a temporary obstruction, stools may be described as currant jelly in color and consistency.

Prescription drug labels often include stool color changes as a warning.
Mucus in the stool may be normal, and it may cover segments of formed feces.Source: Getty Images

Mucus in the stool

Mucus in the stool may be normal, and it may cover segments of formed feces. However, it also can occur in people with inflammatory bowel disease or cancer. Mucus associated with blood and/or abdominal pain should not be ignored and requires medical attention. People with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) also can have mucus in the stool.

Drugs that change stool color

The most common medications that change the color of stool are the drugs that turn the stool black and include iron and bismuth (contained in Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate). Nevertheless, a large number of other drugs have been associated with changes in the color of stool to black or other colors. Practically, the importance of this fact is that the any new drugs or dietary supplements need to be considered as the cause of any change in stool color.

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Floating stool is caused by excess gasses.
Most stool floats because it contains an excessive amount of gas.Source: iStock

Stool that floats

Most stool floats because it contains an excessive amount of gas. By itself, it is normal and has little meaning. Changes in diet can lead to the stool that floats, but as an isolated symptom, no action needs to be taken, and often it resolves spontaneously. The stool does not float because of an increased amount of fat. (Fat in stool causes oil droplets in the toilet bowl.)

Any condition that causes increased amounts of gas to form in the intestines theoretically may lead to floating stool, especially in conditions where there is malabsorption of nutrients such as lactose intolerance, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and short bowel syndrome.

Stool color changes and changes in size may happen occasionally.
People with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may develop thinner stools.Source: Getty Images

Changes in the size and shape of stool

People have their own size, shape, and stool consistency. It is the change in stool pattern that matters more than the absolute size and shape of stool. Narrow stool, sometimes called pencil-thin, may occur occasionally and is of no concern. People with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may develop thinner stools.

Nevertheless, a person with "normal" stools that has a new change in the diameter, length, width (caliber) of the bowel movement should consult his/her health care professional. This may be a sign of a narrowed or scarred colon, perhaps due to a tumor, but the health care professional may want further information about accompanying symptoms or tests.

It is not unusual to have two or even three stools in the morning. The first stool will usually have a more solid form because it has been in the colon (where water is absorbed) the longest. The second stool will be looser, and if there is the third stool, it will the loosest. Another change in stool form that often requires evaluation is the development of looser or firmer than normal stools. At one end of the spectrum is constipation and at the other end is diarrhea, but even if the change does not reach these levels, consistent, milder changes in either direction need to be evaluated.

Call your health-care professional if you have any troublesome stool color changes.
Depending upon the cause of the stool color change, certain specialists may need to be involved.Source: Istock

Which type of doctors treat stool color changes?

Most often, people will contact their primary care health care professional with questions about the color of their stool. These include health care professionals who care for infants and children. Depending upon the cause of the stool color change, certain specialists may need to be involved. For example, for red or black stool due to bleeding, a gastroenterologist may be needed to perform an endoscopy, to look for a bleeding source in the stomach or intestine. Gastroenterologists are the specialist that helps manage other diseases of the intestinal tract, including Crohn's disease, pancreatitis, and celiac disease, that can cause color changes because of poor absorption of nutrients from the diet.

How is the cause of stool color changes diagnosed?

In most cases, a diagnosis, if any, cannot be made by stool color alone.

The patient and the doctor need to consider other symptoms, past medical history, dietary changes, and medications to help decide what has caused the stool to change color. Physical examination will be important to help decide the significance of the stool color.

Stool may be tested to look for blood, fat, or infection. Blood tests may be necessary depending upon the clinical situation. Depending on the change in color, it may be necessary to evaluate the pancreas, liver or GI tract.

When should I contact my doctor about stool color or texture changes?

Aside from black, red, or maroon stools that may mean bleeding is a possibility, and require urgent assessment and treatment, most color changes are not an emergency. The significance is determined based on other symptoms that might be present.

Women who are pregnant often note changes in their bowel pattern. Stool can turn black because of iron and vitamin supplements. Iron can also turn stool greenish. As the uterus enlarges and increases pressure within the pelvis, constipation may occur and hemorrhoids can develop and cause blood in the stool.

If there is no underlying problem, stool color changes are often due to changes in the diet and will resolve in a couple of days. If this is not the case and changes persist, it is appropriate to contact your health care professional and seek medical attention.

Contact your doctor if you have stool color changes and have associated symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or abdominal pain.

It is important to remember that every person is different and changes in bowel habit be it color, size, frequency, or consistency (hard or soft) may be normal for one person or a sign of a potential problem for another.

Stool color chart

Stool Color Changes Color Potential Cause Comment BlackGI bleedingThis is an emergencyBlackIron, bismuthCannot presume this to be the reason for the stool colorMaroonGastrointestinal bleedingThis is an emergencyRedHemorrhoidsOnly one of the potential causes. Do not ignoreRedInflammatory bowel diseaseConsult health care professionalRedInfection, diverticular bleedConsult health care professionalRedTumor, rapid upper GI bleedConsult health care professionalGreenMay be normalConsult health care professionalGreenDiet high in green vegetablesConsult health care professionalGreenAssociated with diarrheaConsult health care professionalBrownNormal colorConsult health care professionalYellowDiseases of the pancreasMalabsorptionYellowCeliac disease, cystic fibrosisConsult health care professionalYellowGiardia infectionConsult health care professionalClay, pale yellow or whiteLiver or biliary diseaseLack of bile in the stool

Gallbladder Pain: Relief, Symptoms, Causes, Diet & Location

Alt TextThe gallbladder, located beneath the liver, produces bile.
Alt TextThe gallbladder, located beneath the liver, produces bile.Source: MedicineNet

What is gallbladder pain?

Gallbladder pain is (often misspelled "gall bladder") an all-inclusive term used to describe any pain due to disease related to the gallbladder. The major gallbladder problems that produce gallbladder pain are biliary colic, cholecystitis, gallstones, pancreatitis, and ascending cholangitis. Symptoms vary and may be triggered by eating certain foods. The pain may be described as intermittent, constant, abdominal, radiating to the back, mild to severe depending on the underlying cause.

A brief review of the gallbladder anatomy and function may help readers better understand gallbladder pain. The gallbladder is connected to the liver via ducts that supply bile to the gallbladder for storage. These bile ducts then form the common hepatic duct that joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct that empties into the GI tract (duodenum). In addition, the pancreatic duct usually merges with the common bile duct just before it enters the duodenum. Hormones trigger the gallbladder to release bile when fat and amino acids reach the duodenum after eating a meal (see illustration below), which facilitates the digestion of these foods. Statistics suggest that women may have up to twice the incidence of gallstones than men.

Women with digestive pain

What Causes Gallbladder Pain?

One of the most common causes of gallbladder pain is gallstones (also called gallstone disease, or cholelithiasis). Gallstones occur when cholesterol and other substances found in bile form stones. When the stone passes from the gallbladder into the small intestine or become stuck in the biliary duct it can cause pain. This is called biliary colic, otherwise known as a gallbladder attack.

Pain in your gallbladder can also be caused when bile backs up into the gallbladder. This causes the gallbladder to swell, and you may feel:

  • pain located in the ride side of your chest blow your rib cage,
  • pain in the back of your right shoulder blade, and
  • nausea, vomiting, or gas.

Read more about causes of gallbladder pain »

Bile ducts can become blocked, causing pain symptoms due to gallstones.
The major gallbladder problems that produce gallbladder pain are biliary colic, cholecystitis, gallstones, pancreatitis, and ascending cholangitis.Source: Getty Images

What are the causes of gallbladder pain?

Illustration of Gallstones Forming in the GallbladderIllustration of Gallstones Forming in the Gallbladder

As stated previously, the major gallbladder problems that produce gallbladder pain are biliary colic, cholecystitis, gallstones, pancreatitis, and ascending cholangitis. There are two major causes of pain that either originates from the gallbladder or involve the gallbladder directly. They are due to 1) intermittent or complete blockage of any of the ducts by gallstones; or 2) gallstone sludge and/or inflammation that may accompany irritation or infection of the surrounding tissues, when partial or complete obstruction of ducts causes pressure and ischemia (inadequate blood supply due to a blockage of blood vessels in the area) to develop in the adjacent tissues.

Gallstone formation usually happens in the gallbladder, but may form in any of the ducts. When the gallbladder is compressed (squeezed by musculature), bile usually goes out through the bile ducts into the GI tract; however, if gallstones or gallstone sludge is present, there can be partial or complete blockage of the ducts with pressure on the surrounding tissue, sometimes enough to cause local ischemia. Other processes such as trauma can cause gallbladder pain. Infection of the biliary ducts and the gallbladder, usually occurring after gallstone obstruction also can cause pain.

What is biliary colic?

Biliary colic is a term used to describe the type of pain related to the gallbladder, when the gallbladder contracts and the cystic duct is partially or completely blocked by a gallstone. The symptoms are described below.

Gallbladder pain symptoms often require prompt medical attention.
Gallstones from the gallbladder can block the pancreatic duct and cause pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) with upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back, tender abdomen, more pain after eating, with nausea and vomiting.Source: Getty Images

What are other signs and symptoms of gallbladder pain?

Gallbladder pain may vary or feel different depending on the cause. Many people with gallstones never experience pain. However, there are some variations in gallbladder pain that help the doctor to make a diagnosis.

  • Biliary colic (intermittent duct blockage): Sudden and rapidly increasing pain (ache or pressure) in the right upper abdomen or epigastric area; some people will have pain radiating to the right shoulder (or back pain in the tip of the scapula) and/or also develop nausea and vomiting. The pain usually subsides in about 1 to 5 hours although a mild ache may persist for about a day.
  • Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder tissue secondary to duct blockage): severe steady pain in the upper-right abdomen that may radiate to the right shoulder or back, abdominal tenderness when touched or pressed, sweating, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and bloating; discomfort lasts longer than with biliary colic.
  • Acalculous cholecystitis (no gallstones) has similar symptoms to cholecystitis but occurs as a complication of other problems like trauma or burns; patients have severe symptoms and appear very ill.
  • Pancreatitis: Gallstones from the gallbladder can block the pancreatic duct and cause pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) with upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back, tender abdomen, more pain after eating, nausea, and vomiting.
  • Ascending cholangitis (or simply cholangitis or infection of the biliary system) causes symptoms and signs that include fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, and even hypotension (low blood pressure), and confusion; it is a medical emergency.

Medical imaging of the bile ducts, gallbladder and liver is necessary to diagnose gallbladder pain.
A few laboratory blood tests such as liver function tests, lipase, amylase, complete blood count (CBC), and an abdominal X-ray are done to determine the exact problem is causing the pain.Source: iStock

How is the cause of gallbladder pain diagnosed?

The history and physical exam help to establish a presumptive diagnosis. Murphy's sign (pain or temporary respiratory arrest on deep right subcostal palpation) has been estimated to be over 95% specific for acute cholecystitis. A few laboratory blood tests such as liver function tests, lipase, amylase, complete blood count (CBC), and an abdominal X-ray are done to determine the exact problem is causing the pain. Ultrasound can detect gallstones, and CT scans may delineate organ structural changes. A HIDA scan (uses radioactive material) can measure gallbladder emptying while an ERCP test uses an endoscope to place a dye in the ducts of the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sometimes used to detail the organ structures (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas); other tests also may be considered. The results of these tests help pinpoint the problem and establish the diagnosis.




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Gallbladder Pain (Gall Bladder Pain)
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Gallbladder surgery may be required if bile ducts become blocked or liver function is impaired.
The definitive treatment is gallbladder removal surgery (and/or the obstructing gallstones).Source: Medscape

What is the treatment of gallbladder pain?

If you have no gallbladder pain (even if you have gallstones but never had pain), you need no treatment. Some patients who have had one or two gallstone attacks may elect to avoid treatment. Pain during an acute gallstone attack is often treated with morphine. Medical treatments include

The definitive treatment is gallbladder removal surgery (and/or the obstructing gallstones). Currently, the surgical method of choice is laparoscopic surgery, where the gallbladder is removed by instruments using only small incisions in the abdomen. However, some patients may require more extensive surgery. Usually, people do well once the gallbladder is removed unless there is an underlying cause that mimics gallbladder pain (for example, biliary dyskinesia, a motility disorder of the sphincter of Oddi).

Women who are pregnant are treated like women who are not pregnant, although pregnant women more commonly have cholesterol gallstone development than non-pregnant women. Although supportive care is tried in women who are pregnant, acute cholecystitis is the second most common surgical emergency in pregnancy (appendicitis is the first).

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Home remedies meant to cleanse the gallbladder and slow bile production can sometimes alleviate gallbladder pain.
Some health-care professional recommend decreasing dairy and grains in the diet after gallbladder removal.Source: iStock

Home remedies for relief of gallbladder pain

  • Home remedies include peppermint, alfalfa, apple cider vinegar, and others; you should check with your doctor before using these remedies.
  • Following a low-fat diet may reduce the frequency of biliary colic but has not been shown to dissolve gallstones.
  • Coffee and regular exercise may reduce the incidence of gallstone disease and its associated gallbladder pain.
  • Some health-care professional recommend decreasing dairy and grains in the diet after gallbladder removal; again, individuals should discuss such changes with their doctor.

What are the complications of gallbladder pain?

The complications of gallbladder pain include

  • discomfort with eating,
  • poor food intake,
  • weight loss,
  • electrolyte abnormalities,
  • consumption of pain medications, and
  • disruption of daily activities.

Other complications of gallbladder disease include

  • bile duct blockage,
  • serious infections (empyema and gangrene of the gallbladder),
  • pancreatitis,
  • peritonitis, and
  • infrequently, gallbladder cancer.